sokoto caliphate economy

The Sokoto Caliphate was a sovereign Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa that was founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio. Under British colonial rule the city was the headquarters of the Sokoto Province, and remained so after independence until it became the capital of the Northwestern State from 1967 until 1976, when Sokoto State was created. APA. October 4, … State and economy in the Sokoto Caliphate: Policies and practicies in the metropolitan districts, 1804-1903.Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University Press. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. L'économie de cet empire peul était fondée sur le commerce et l'esclavage. 54 A full exploration of this theme is beyond the scope of this article, but attention should be drawn to the forthcoming work of David Tambo. Sokoto ranks second in Livestock production in the country with animal population of well over eight (8) million.The availability of these economic potentials provide good investment opportunities, particularly in agro-allied industries such as flour mills, tomato processing , sugar refining, textiles, glue, tanning, fish canning, dairy etc. Search. For Nupe, see Mason, , ‘Captive and Client Labour’, 453–71Google Scholar; Mason, , ‘Trade and State’Google Scholar; Nadel, S. F., A Black Byzantium. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Extensive data on the plantation system are also contained in oral testimonies collected during the Economic History Project, Ahmadu Bello University, 1975–6. (eds. Legislative and executive functions of government passed to local, state and federal bodies. Selon l'historien Vincent Hiribarren, Ousmane Dan Fodio est encore au Nigeria comme au Niger une référence historique, à la fois parce qu’il a mené ce djihad, mais aussi une référence intellectuelle, en raison de ses projets de réformateur sur les territoires qu'il envahissait[3]. Has data issue: true « le plus grand État d’Afrique depuis l’effondrement de l’, « Le califat consolidait une région qui comptait de nombreux États et beaucoup d’ethnies différentes en un seul empire divisé en 33 émirats, sous la direction de la capitale duale de Sokoto et de, « le djihad de Sokoto engloba tout l’espace du, « son influence s’étendit encore plus largement et existe encore aujourd’hui ». Son but, qu'il est explique dans l'un de ses livres les plus importants, Kitab Al-Farq, est la purification de l'islam dans les territoires musulmans[1], qui passe par une observance stricte et la lutte contre la bid’ah (l’innovation)[1]. Also see numerous interviews in the Yusufu Yunusa, Aliyu Bala Umar, and Aliyu Musa Collections, all largely on Kano Emirate and part of the Economic History Project. 34 Ferguson, , ‘Imam Imoru’, 233.Google Scholar. Selon l'historien Paul Lovejoy (en), l'établissement du califat en tant que fédération était révolutionnaire : « Le califat consolidait une région qui comptait de nombreux États et beaucoup d’ethnies différentes en un seul empire divisé en 33 émirats, sous la direction de la capitale duale de Sokoto et de Gwandu après 1817 ». À son apogée, le califat de Sokoto est « le plus grand État d’Afrique depuis l’effondrement de l’Empire songhaï en 1591-1592, et le deuxième plus grand État musulman au monde jusqu’à la conquête européenne et la division du califat entre les Français, les Anglais et les Allemands, de 1897 à 1903, la Grande-Bretagne s’emparant des régions les plus peuplées du centre »[1]. 35 Hogendorn, , ‘Two Plantations’Google Scholar; Smith, Mary, Baba of Karo. XIV (1973), 453–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mason, ‘Trade and State in Nineteenth Century Nupe’, unpublished paper presented at the Seminar on the Economic History of the Central Savanna of West Africa, Kano, 1976 (hereafter referred to as Kano Seminar, 1976); Hill, Polly, ‘From Slavery to Freedom: The Case of Farm-Slavery in Nigerian Hausaland’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, XVIII (1976), 395–426CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Hogendorn, J. S., ‘The Economics of Slave Use on Two ‘Plantations’ in the Zaria Emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate’, Intern. An estimated 1–2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during the Fulani War. 40 Muhammadu Kasori, Tape 14; but also see Miko Hamshak'i, Tape 12, and Bako Madigawa and Audu Ba'are, Tape 12, Lovejoy Collection, 1969–70. 2001. En 1840, les Peuls de Sokoto sont repoussés du royaume d’Oyo par les Yorubas à la bataille d’Oshogbo. By the time of his death in 1817, he had established an Empire based on some thirty emirates administered from Sokoto, the seat of his Caliphate. En février 1903, les Britanniques occupent sans difficultés Kano, puis Sokoto en mars, et l’intègrent à leur protectorat du nord du Nigeria[3]. The Sokoto Caliphate founded by dan Fodio became one of the largest pre-colonial states in Africa. ), L'Esclauage en Afrique précoloniale (Paris, 1975)Google Scholar; Miers, Suzanne and Kopytoff, Igor (eds. Il incluait aussi plus de vingt sous-émirats dans l’empire d’Adamawa, également connu sous le nom de Fombina, dont la capitale était Yola sur la rivière Bénoué[1]. XV (1974), 563–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lovejoy, P. E., Caravans of Kola: Hausa Trade with Asante, 1700–1900 (Zaria, forthcoming)Google Scholar; Baier, S., ‘African Merchants in the Colonial Period: A History of Commerce in Damagaram (Central Niger), 1880–1960’, Ph.D. thesis, unpublished, University of Wisconsin, 1974Google Scholar; and Shea, Philip, ‘The Development of an Export Oriented Dyed Cloth Industry in Kano Emirate in the Nineteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis, unpublished, University of Wisconsin, 1975Google Scholar. Oliver, Roland 41 For the practices of murgu and self-purchase, see Hogendorn, , ‘Two Plantations’Google Scholar; Smith, , Hausa Communities, 102–3Google Scholar; Hill, , ‘Slavery to Freedom’, 399Google Scholar; Lugard, , Political Memoranda, 306–8Google Scholar; and various interviews in the Yunusa Collection, 1975; Maccido Collection, 1975. XVII (1976), 95–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 Lovejoy, and Baler, , ‘Desert-Side Economy’, 551–81.Google Scholar. Bibliographic information. Camille Lefebvre, « L'Afrique n'est pas victime de ses frontières », https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_de_Sokoto&oldid=180587060, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Ėtablissement du protectorat du Nigéria du Nord. Usman, qui compare sa fuite à celle de l'hégire de Mahomet, pr… Also see Smith, M. G., The Economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria (London, 1955), 81–2, 102–8Google Scholar; Smith, , ‘Slavery and Emancipation in Two Societies’, in Smith, M. G., The Plural Society in the British West Indies (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965), 116–61Google Scholar; Mason, Michael, ‘Captive and Client Labour and the Economy of the Bida Emirate, 1857–1901’, J. Afr. The best published account remains Last, ‘Bello's Social Policy’, 56–9.Google Scholar, 47 For a summary of political events, see Adeleye, R. A., ‘The Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century’, in Ajayi, J. F. A. and Crowder, M. Il fut le plus grand État d’Afrique (derrière l'Empire ottoman) depuis l’effondrement de l’Empire songhaï (vers 1592), et le deuxième plus grand État musulman au monde jusqu’à la conquête européenne de 1897 à 1903[1]. These changes were in different sectors of life from politics, economy to social and religious aspect. 57–92.Google Scholar, 48 Aliyu (‘Bornu and Bauchi’) lists fourteen rinji in the Bauchi area before the emirate capital was established. This ethnic approach fails to account for class differences which are partially disguised in those terms and it suggests a geographical separation which did not exist; see ‘Slavery to Freedom’, 402, 406–7.Google Scholar, 46 See the forthcoming study of Stewart, C. C. on Bello's policies. Il désigne des émirs pour administrer les territoires conquis, le plus souvent les souverains vaincus, confirmés dans leur fonction. This economic model was built on the economic ideals of Usmandanfodio. Similarly, the desert-side market in grain also benefited from the emphasis on plantations. This preliminary discussion is being expanded into a book-length study of plantation economy and society in the Sokoto Caliphate. A Study in Oral History (Evanston, 1972), 36–7, 212.Google Scholar, 50 For a view of the situation in the early 1850s, see Barth, , Travels, ii. The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa.Founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio, it was abolished when the British defeated the caliph in 1903 and put the area under the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.. 190–6Google Scholar. "newCiteModal": false, PLANTATIONS IN THE ECONOMY OF THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE BY PAUL E. LOVEJOY Introduction THE Sokoto Caliphate was the largest and most populous state in nine-teenth-century West Africa, yet the functioning of its economy remains largely unknown.1 Its foundation (I804-8) … The sultan of Sokoto (Siddiq Abubakar III) continued to be regarded as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community of Nigeria. Le califat de Sokoto est un État fortement décentralisé dirigé par le calife, dont les compagnons sont placés comme émirs à la tête de chaque subdivision territoriale[6]. Responsibility edited by H. Bobboyi, A.M. Yakubu. A more detailed analysis of the material is forthcoming. Plantations (gandu, rinji, tungazi), which used slaves captured by the Caliphate armies, were established near all the major towns and were particularly important around Sokoto, Kano, Zaria and other capitals. Les Britanniques développent un modèle de gouvernement des populations colonisées à travers les rois et les princes locaux, et conservent la pyramide hiérarchique en place : le sultan n’est plus sultan par la grâce de Dieu, mais parce que les Britanniques lui ont donné un sceptre[3]. Hist. Publication date 2006 Included Work History, economy and society. The major power in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries had been the Bornu Empire. The maps were drawn by the cartography section of the Department of Geography, York University. The caliphate brought decades of economic growth throughout the region. Si certains y ont vu le produit d'une simple querelle ethnique — une vision réductrice dans la mesure où les Peuls étaient en infériorité numérique dans la plupart des territoires conquis par Sokoto — d'autres y vu une révolution compte tenu du message religieux vantant une certaine forme d'égalité et la fin de la corruption des élites dirigeantes hausa[2]. 25 Shea, , ‘Black Cloth’Google Scholar, quoting C. W. J. Orr, Trade Prospects, 26 Oct. 1904, C.O. 456.Google Scholar, 24 Shea, , ‘Dyed Cloth Industry’Google Scholar; and Shea, , ‘Black Cloth: An Export Oriented Industry in Kano’, Kano Seminar, 1976Google Scholar; and, for northern Zaria, see the numerous interviews conducted in Kudan, Makarfi, Fatika, Hunkuyi, and Zaria in the Lovejoy-Maccido collection, which is being prepared for deposit with the Northern History Research Scheme, Department of History, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and with the Oral Data Center, Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington, U.S.A. The situation in the Senegambia region was characterized by a complex interaction between patterns discernible on the coast and in the savanna interior. Améliorez sa vérifiabilité en les associant par des références à l'aide d'appels de notes. For a comparison with other savanna areas, see especially Johnson, Marion, ‘The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy—The Case of Masina’, J. Afr. (BBC. 55 Abubakar, , FombinaGoogle Scholar; and Abubakar, , ‘Economy of Eastern Emirates’.Google Scholar, 56 Barth, , Travels, ii. An estimated 1-2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during the Fulani War. Market forces tended to be weaker, and no single export crop dominated production. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Le 21 juin 1804, il remporte la victoire sur l’armée de Younfa à Tabkin Kwato. Get Book. Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Hist. L'établissement de l'empire de Sokoto s'inscrit dans la lignée des gouvernements musulmans mis en place à partir du XVIIIe siècle à l'issue de luttes ouvertement prosélytes présentées comme des actions de djihad, mouvement dans lequel il occupe une place centrale. Administratively, the newly established Caliphate of Sokoto, was divided into Emirates, with each headed by an Emir. For instance, his suggestion that the economy of the Sokoto Caliphate was slave based raises the question of whether the economy was dominated by slave production or … : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article. The original emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate have been re-organized into various states with the federation of Nigeria. 61 Interviews in the Yunusa Collection, 1975. Studies, X (1977), 369–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 7 Lovejoy, and Baier, , ‘Desert-Side Economy’, 551–81Google Scholar; and Lovejoy, P. E., ‘The Salt Industry of the Central Sudan’, in Adamu, Mahdi, ed., The Economic History of the Central Savanna of West Africa (Zaria, forthcoming).Google Scholar, 8 Lovejoy, Caravans of Kola; Shea, ‘Dyed-Cloth Industry’; Usman, Yusufu Bala, ‘The Transformation of Katsina; c. 1796–1903. VGoogle Scholar; Hill, , ‘Slavery to Freedom’, 417–20Google Scholar; Usman, , ‘Katsina’; 124–5, 453–6, 473–4Google Scholar; Mason, , ‘Captive and Client Labour’, 453–71Google Scholar; Abubakar, , ‘Economy of the Eastern Emirates’Google Scholar; Gavin, , ‘Economy of Ilorin’Google Scholar; Barth, , Travels, ii. "metricsAbstractViews": false, The caliphate brought decades of economic growth throughout the region. Descendant direct du premier calife, Muhammadu Sa'ad Abubakar III, 20e du titre reste, aujourd'hui encore, le plus haut dignitaire musulman du Nigeria[5], tandis que l’émir actuel de Kano est à la fois descendant de l’émir issu du djihad, et ancien gouverneur de la banque centrale du Nigeria, diplômé des universités de Khartoum et d'Oxford[3]. Caliphate Tech Community is aimed at equipping the people of Sokoto especially youths, with the basic and most advanced knowledge and skills that they need to excel in this modern and contemporary world of 21st Century, TechEconomy.ng learnt. Ces djihads fortement sous l’influence de la confrérie soufiste Qadiriyya étaient associés aux Peuls, particulièrement à leurs élites intellectuelles et religieuses, même s'ils dépassaient le phénomène ethnique[1]. [1] It was dissolved when the British conquered the area in 1903 and annexed it into the newly established Northern Nigeria Protectorate. XIII (1972), 419–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Klein, , ‘Domestic Slavery’.Google Scholar, 6 The problem of using the term plantation is discussed in Lovejoy, ‘Characteristics of Plantations’. Hist. Sokoto Caliphate. Download: [PDF] economic principles and practices of the sokoto caliphate Economic Principles And Practices Of The Sokoto Caliphate. The Overthrow of the Sarauta System and the Establishment and Evolution of the Emirate’, Ph.D. thesis, unpublished, Ahmadu Bello University, 1974Google Scholar; Ferguson, Douglas Edwin, ‘Nineteenth-Century Hausaland, being a description by Imam Imoru of the Land, Economy, and Society of his People’, Ph.D. thesis, unpublished, UCLA, 1973Google Scholar; Nadama, Garba, ‘A Struggle for Survival: Zamfara in the Eighteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, forthcoming.Google Scholar, 9 Abubakar, Saad, ‘A Survey of the Economy of the Eastern Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century’, unpublished paper presented at the Sokoto Seminar, Departments of History, Ahmadu Bello University and Bayero University College, Sokoto, 1975.Google Scholar, 10 Mason, , ‘Captive and Client Labour’, 453–71Google Scholar; Mason, , ‘Trade and State’Google Scholar; Gavin, R. J., ‘The Economy of Ilorin’, unpublished seminar paper, University of Birmingham, 1976Google Scholar; Balogun, S. A., ‘Economic Activities and Ties of Gwandu Emirates and Their Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century’, Kano Seminar, 1976Google Scholar; and Irwin, J., ‘An Emirate of the Niger Bend: A Political History of Liptako in the Nineteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis, unpublished, University of Wisconsin, 1973, 18–19.Google Scholar, 11 Lovejoy, , ‘Interregional Monetary Flows’, 563–85Google Scholar; and Hogendorn, J. S., ‘Slave Acquisition and Delivery in Precolonial Hausaland’, in Dumett, R. and Schwartz, Ben K. Sa population est de l'ordre de dix millions d'habitants. The Sokoto Caliphate was established following a holy war in 1804. L'exploitation des mines de sel du nord du califat était fondée sur le travail servile, tout comme les industries du fer, coton, indigo ou cuir des régions centrales du califat. The emergence of Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th Century A.D. gave the Sharia a new outlook altogether in Nigeria; it became supreme in every sphere of life:- Government, Economy, Foreign Policy, Administration of Justice and the organization of society.1 The Sokoto Caliphate represents probably the most ambitious attempt in Mohammed Bello rétablit le calme. These changes were in different sectors of life from politics, economy to social and religious aspect. In addition, the Sokoto leaders, despite their intentions, were not able to prevent the enslavement of freeborn Muslims. Avec eux, Usman s’empare de Kano dont il fait sa capitale. Ce nouveau succès attire auprès de lui les musulmans du Nigeria et du Cameroun septentrionaux, ainsi que des Peuls métissés établis depuis longtemps dans la région. Nupe and Yola were drawn more closely into the world market through the greater use of the Niger and Benue rivers, but these changes only marginally affected the wider Caliphate economy. 159, 163, 174, 190–1, 194–5, 201Google Scholar. Il couvre une superficie de l'ordre de 400 000 km2[7], ce qui le place néanmoins derrière les provinces de l'Empire ottoman qui comprennent l’Égypte (un million de kilomètres carrés) et la Libye (1,7 million de kilomètres carrés). iii–viGoogle Scholar; Baier, and Lovejoy, , ‘Tuareg’, 406–7Google Scholar; and Lovejoy, , ‘The Kambarin Beriberi: The Formation of a Specialized Group of Hausa Kola Traders in the Nineteenth Century’, J. Afr. The empire he built became the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman, qui compare sa fuite à celle de l'hégire de Mahomet, prêche la guerre sainte (djihad) contre les impies de toute sorte et en particulier contre les rois des cités haoussas, qu'il accuse de ne pas appliquer les vrais principes de l'islam. Published online by Cambridge University Press: La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 5 mars 2021 à 23:52. Il couvre principalement le nord du Nigeria et le nord du Cameroun contemporains[6] et s'étire du Burkina Faso moderne à la République de Centrafrique[1]. Author: Ibrahim … Le système économique du califat de Sokoto repose sur l'esclavage, en particulier des populations animistes du centre de l'actuel Nigeria[8]. ‘The Cultivator and the State in Pre-Colonial Africa’, University of Illinois, Urbana, The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan, Interregional Monetary Flows in the Precolonial Trade of Nigeria, Caravans of Kola: Hausa Trade with Asante, 1700–1900, The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy—The Case of Masina, Frontier Disputes and Problems of Legitimation: Sokoto–Masina Relations, 1817–1837, The Lagos Strike of 1897: An Exploration in Nigerian Labour History, Economic Imperialism in West Africa: Lagos, 1880–92, The Uncommon Market: The Economics of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia, The Economy of Hausa Communities of Zaria, The Plural Society in the British West Indies, Captive and Client Labour and the Economy of the Bida Emirate, 1857–1901, From Slavery to Freedom: The Case of Farm-Slavery in Nigerian Hausaland, Comparative Studies in Society and History, The Economics of Slave Use on Two ‘Plantations’ in the Zaria Emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate, The Economic History of the Central Savanna of West Africa, West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives, Calico Caravans: The Tripoli-Kano Trade after 1880, An Aspect of the Caliph Muhammad Bello's Social Policy, Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, The Kambarin Beriberi: The Formation of a Specialized Group of Hausa Kola Traders in the Nineteenth Century, Baba of Karo. 62 Baier, , ‘Local Transport’.Google Scholar, 63 Hogendorn, , Groundnut Exports, explores the rise of peasant production in the export sectorGoogle Scholar. J. Afr. (ed. The seat of the former Sokoto Caliphate, the city is predominantly Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. Hist. nationalism were the hall marks of the composition of the Sokoto Caliphate. 42 Smith, M. G., ‘Hausa Inheritance and Succession’, in Derrett, J. D. M. The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004. Le 21 février 1804, l'imam peul Usman dan Fodio, menacé par Younfa, roi du Gober, senfuit à Gudu. Hist. The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa.Founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio, [1] it was abolished when the British defeated the caliph in 1903 and put the area under the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.. These elite slaves held administrative and military positions of great power, and over the course of the nineteenth century played an increasing prominent role in the political, economic, and social life of Kano. The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzeraintyof the Amir al-Mu'minin, the Sultan of Sokoto. Lovejoy, Paul E. 191.Google Scholar, 57 Barth, , Travels, ii. History, Economy and Society Edited by H. Bobboyi & A.M. Yakubu Nigeria: Country's Early Monarchs Who Resisted Colonisation . Des Peuls se joignent à lui, mais aussi de nombreux Haoussas séduits par son discours, faisant d'ailleurs de son armée une troupe à majorité haoussa. 551–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lovejoy, P. E., ‘Interregional Monetary Flows in the Precolonial Trade of Nigeria’, J. Afr. 22 January 2009. Available online At the library. Also see Abubakar, , ‘Economy of Eastern Emirates’Google Scholar; and Abubakar, , Fombina.Google Scholar, 51 There is no adequate study of plantations in Ilorin, but for a survey of the Ilorin economy at the end of the century see Gavin, , ‘Ilorin’Google Scholar; and interviews in the Adesiyin Collection, 1975. L’empire de Sokoto ou califat de Sokoto a été fondé par un djihad mené entre 1804 et 1810 par le Peul Usman dan Fodio dans le nord du Nigeria. Besides promoting the economic growth of the capital districts of Sokoto and Gwandu, Bello's policy encouraged the expansion of the textile belt in southern Kano and northern Zaria. À la tête d’une armée puissante, Usman annexe tous les royaumes haoussa (Katsina, Zaria, Noupé, Kebbi, Liptako) et le nord du Cameroun de 1804 à 1808. Sokoto has continuously served as a capital for more than 200 years from its first appointment as the seat of the Fulani Caliphate in 1809. Son jeune frère Ousmane (Atikou) lui succède à la tête de l’empire, au grand dépit d'El-Hadj Omar, originaire du Fouta Toro, qui avait épousé la sœur de Mohammed Bello et espérait lui succéder[1]. ... economy and society; v. 2. The Sokoto Caliphate was established following a holy war in 1804. Earlier versions of this paper were given at the American Historical Association Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1976Google Scholar, and at the Conference on ‘The Cultivator and the State in Pre-Colonial Africa’, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1977Google Scholar. Lofkrantz cites the fact that the caliphate was too large for the central leadership to control the remote emirates. Le djihad de Dan Fodio reste une référence constante dans la région[2] et a connu de multiples interprétations historiques[3]. 1985. Ceux-ci répondent en théorie directement de leurs actions auprès du calife mais en raison de la distance, le califat est de fait divisé entre les émirats de l’ouest, directement dirigés depuis la ville de Sokoto, et les émirats de l’est plus ou moins autonomes[6]. En 1841, Modibbo Adama, disciple d’Usman dan Fodio, s’installe à Yola et étend sa puissance et son domaine au sud-est de l’empire de Sokoto. 14 For a discussion of jihad and its aftermath, see Last, Murray, The Sokoto Caliphate (London, 1967Google Scholar); Usman, , ‘Katsina’Google Scholar; and Nadama, , ‘Zamfara’Google Scholar. A.B.U. and The structure and economy of the caliphate. Hist. Today Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country. Hamza, Ibrahim CALIPHATEPOST HAUSA. The Caliphate fell to the British army in 1903 and was incorporated into its “protectorate” in northern Nigeria. Render date: 2021-03-20T01:29:04.632Z Sokoto Caliphate: | | | Al Khilafa al Bilad Assudan | | | ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. It is these changes especially on religion that will be given considerations in this paper. A Woman of the Moslem Hausa (London, 1954), 37–40Google Scholar; Smith, , ‘Slavery and Emancipation’, 116–61Google Scholar; Smith, , Hausa Communities, 102–8Google Scholar; Lovejoy, , Caravans of Kola, ch. Sanderson, G. N. The Caliphate established justice in political administration, egalitarianism in its economic activities and equity, equilibrium and balances in its social sector.