population structure of tanzania

[17] into the origins of Tanzanian local chickens using microsatellite markers found that the Kuchi are the least genetically diverse chicken type among five Tanzanian chickens investigated in the study. The current study investigated the population genetic structure of seven Nile tilapia populations from Tanzania using ddRAD-seq derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Day old chicks were wing-tagged, weighed and transferred to a bio-secure deep litter floored experimental chicken house where they were fed on commercial chick mash and ad-libitum water access. Tanzania Vet J. Accessed 25 March 2020. Hernia duration was adjusted for Tanzanian life expectancy within each age group. Males were also significantly different from females for the BL, NL, CG, WS and BW measurements. statement and Population structure, movement and health status of elephants and other wildlife in the Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor, southern Tanzania Translated Title(s): Populationsstruktur, Bewegungen und Gesundheitszustand der Elefanten und anderer Wildtiere im Selous-Niassa Wildtier Korridor, Südtansania Ile-Ife: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Rome; 1998. p. 171–6. Gueye EF. Definition: This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. DNA was extracted and precipitated in sodium acetate ethanol using the phenol-chloroform method [33]. The LSmeans for the CG, WS and SL were significantly higher in males across all ecotypes. Prediction of mature body weight on the basis of body measurement in mature indigenous chickens in Senegal. 2007;63(1):33–45. All traits were correlated with the exception of shank girth in Morogoro-medium. Gender-specific incidence figures from NHANES data were adjusted according to Tanzanian population age structure. However, there was individual variation within ecotypes for both sexes that were beyond the means of the ecotypes, where measurements overlapped with other ecotypes. The males in all groups had the highest mean scores for all the measurements compared to the females (Table 2). Guni FS, Katule AM: Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: I. Qualitative characters. The contents are the responsibility of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Also, Komiyama et al. The Tanzania Population Pyramid displays age, sex and population data for 100 years. Both ecotype and sex effects had a significant influence on traits with the exception of shank girth (SG). Proper characterization of the FRLC ecotypes, which has not been previously performed due to a lack of known parent stock and reliable source of day-old chicks [22], will promote their commercialization while improving their productivity through aiding in genetic selection of higher performing chickens. Comparative study of three indigenous breeds of South Africa: body weight and linear body measurements. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) makers have been used to compare the best method for ascertaining diversity among chickens [18], to cluster the genomes of commercial and non-commercial chicken breeds [19] and to investigate the genetic structure of chicken populations [20]. Apart from the observed mean variations between ecotypes, there were also large variations observed within ecotypes such that there are some individuals within each group that fell into extremes beyond the group means, thus, overlapping with individuals in other groups. Poult Sci. Tanzanian population is predominantly rural with 70 percent of total population living in Rural Areas. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. Correlations between the linear measurements and differences among the means of measured linear traits between ecotypes and between sexes were assessed. Ritzyan, Katano T, Shimogiri T, Kawabe K, Okamoto S. Genetic diversity and population structure of Indonesian native chickens based on single nucleotide polymorphism markers. At the end of the studies, the chickens were humanely euthanized according to published guidelines [37] and the UC Davis IACUC (# 20831) protocol. [27] reported that the conformation of Kuchi beak is hooked or parrot-like and sharp like the Shamo chickens of Japan. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Signatures of selection in the genomes of commercial and non-commercial chicken breeds. Feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics of helmeted Guinea fowl fed varying levels of Phane meal (Imbrasia belina) as replacement of fishmeal under intensive system. The strong correlations among the linear measurements show that selection for one trait means a selection for the other traits, with the exception of SG in the Morogoro-medium ecotype, which was poorly correlated with other traits. POPULATION (2017 estimate): 51,557,365 AREA (UN 2006): 945,087 sq km CAPITAL: Dodoma CURRENCY: Tanzanian shilling (TZS) HEAD OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT: President John Magufuli FORM OF GOVERNMENT: democratic republic PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: unicameral STATE STRUCTURE: unitary LANGUAGES: Swahili (official), English NATIONAL ELECTIONS: If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. At 21 days of age, blood samples were collected from each chick by pricking the basilic vein. arabiensis, with F ST >0.1 at a scale of <100 km, and even suggestion of differentiation within sympatric samples . These studies suggest that the Kuchi chickens might have originated from Japan and formed a breeding colony in the Lake and Central zones where they are adapted. Genetic diversity parameters and population structure using both multivariate analysis … Differences were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05 using the Tukey honestly significant difference (Tukey HSD). … This indicates that phenotypic trait can be used to identify the different chicken ecotypes. The findings in this study are similar to findings by Lweramila et al. Determination of the structure of the populations was performed using the admixture software [35] as explained in Walugembe et al. Kabatange MA, Katule AM. This rate of increase is higher even by African standards. As befitted Tanzania's development at the time, the car was seen as secondary in importance to public transports such as buses which were then utilised by much of the population. Other indicators visualized on maps: (In English only, for now) Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) Tanzania is bisected by the East African Rift, with major elephant populations west of the Rift in the greater Serengeti ecosystem and populations east of the Rift including Manyara, Tarangire, and Ruaha National Parks and the Selous Game Reserve and adjoining protected areas. Population of Tanzania Mainland is growing at a rate of 2.7 percent annually, representing an increase of 30 percent over a 10 year period since 2002. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, … Sambrook J, Russel DW. Minga UM, Nkini RP. South Afr J Anim Sci. 1). The study was approved by the research committee of the Sokoine University of Agriculture and the University of California Davis and followed the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol of University of California Davis (# 20831) to conduct experiments. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2006). The locations and weather conditions of the different regions and zones are shown in Table 7. Expanding production of indigenous day-old chicks’ production. In 2020 the natural increase was positive, as the number of births exceeded the number of … Experiments were conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Morogoro, Tanzania using facilities of the Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences (DAARS). All other parameters were … J Mol Phylogenetics Evol. Admixture population structure results were supported by the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) plot (Fig. 2012;11(6):378–84. Ching’wekwe had the least mean values for all measurements. CAS Kondombo SR, Nianogo AJ, Kwakkel RP, Udo HM, Slingerland M. Comparative analysis in village chicken production in two farming systems in BurkinaFaso. The admixture analysis for the genetic population structure of the selected Tanzanian FRLC using SNP genotypes indicated evidence of admixture among the FRLC ecotypes (Fig. The Total Fertility Rate, or the average number of children per woman over the course of her lifetime, had declined from 6.2 children in 1990 to 5.2 children per woman in 2015. Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in village chickens in Tanzania. Swai ES, Karimuribo ED, Kyakaisho PF, Mtui PF: Free-range village chickens on the humid coastal belt of Tanga, Tanzania: their roles, husbandry and health status. The funding body had no role in the design, analyses, interpretation or writing of this manuscript. The wide base of the pyramid reflects the young age structure of the Tanzanian population and is an indication of high fertility. Today, 683,904 adults suffer from symptomatic inguinal hernia in Tanzania. Similarly, there were significant differences between ecotypes for the BL, NL, CG, WS, SL and BW. PubMed Google Scholar. https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=36219&lang=en.htm Accessed 2Apr.2019. 2008;3(12):843–51. Accessed 5 Apr.2019. Based on the results and the physical appearance of the chickens, the Ching’wekwe were shorter than Morogoro-medium and Kuchi, probably owing to their proportionately shorter shanks and body parts. et al. [4] who compared the performance of Kuchi and Morogoro-medium under pure extensive management systems as well as findings by Magonka et al. 2006. Linear measurements were obtained from chickens older than six months (mature chickens) and were performed as described by Geuye et al. 2), with Ching’wekwe and Morogoro-medium clustering more closely together compared to Kuchi. Each chicken was marked with a numbered aluminium wing tag. As population grows, so does the demand for resources. 2003;35(6):563–74. http://10.tbhy.allovero.fr/diagram-of-chicken-bone.html. Msoffe PLM, Mtambo MMA, Minga UM, Olsen JE, Juul-Madsen HR,Gwakisa PS, Mutayoba SK, Katule AM: Productivity and reproductive performance of the free-range local domestic fowl ecotypes in Tanzania. Hillel J, Granevitze Z, Twito T, Ben-avraham D, Blum S, Lavi U, Feldman MW DL, Cheng H, Weigend S. Molecular markers for the assessment of chicken biodiversity. On station and on-farm evaluation of two Tanzania chicken ecotypes for body weights at different ages and for egg production. As expected, the males had higher mean body weights than the females as observed in many feeding trials [24]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, (2013). gambiae s.s. across Tanzania to: (1) investigate spatial and temporal population structure; (2) identify possible barriers to gene flow; and (3) determine inter- There has been a gradual increase in political pluralism, but Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM ), the ruling party, remains dominant in government and parliament. Routine vaccinations against endemic diseases (Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease) were administered [29, 30]. While based on the present microsatellite set, no finer scale structure within Tanzania (insufficient resolution) could be identified, SNPs enabled the identification of three clusters, geographically distributed across the country among the South (Cluster 1), North (Cluster 2) and Western (Cluster 3) regions. We have chosen the years between 1950-2050 for our Pyramid to show a balance of historical and future projections. [31]. The linear model to test the effects of the chicken ecotype and sex on the lengths of the measured body parts was as follows: μ = general population mean for trait response, Gi = effect of the sex on the trait of an ecotype, (GA)ijk = effect of interaction between sex of chicken and its ecotype, eij = effect of random experimental errors on the trait response. Tanzania is bisected by the East African Rift, with major elephant populations west of the Rift in the greater Serengeti ecosystem and populations east of the Rift including Manyara, Tarangire, and Ruaha National Parks and the Selous Game Reserve and adjoining protected areas. Mushi, J.R., Chiwanga, G.H., Amuzu-Aweh, E.N. The Chapter gives population by major age groups and sex. Admixture analyses revealed that Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe clustered together as one population, separate from Kuchi. According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. 230. Increases or decreases in death rates or in number of children born can affect these results. Procedures for handling the experimental animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of California Davis (# 20831). Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the chickens. The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. A total of 1399 chicks (477 Ching’wekwe, 315 Kuchi, and 607 Morogoro-medium) were produced following five rounds of incubation and hatching for use in the population structure analysis of the three FRLC ecotypes. The linear measurements were compared among the three chicken ecotypes using R - Statistical Software Program version 3.5.1 [38]. Approximately five drops of blood were dried on FTA cards (Whatman Biosciences, Brentford, UK) labelled with the chicken’s wing tag number and stored at room temperature. #69). Tanzania’s solid macroeconomic performance during the past six years is being put to the test by the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Vet Res 16, 360 (2020). Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, James R. Mushi, Gaspar H. Chiwanga, Robert A. Max, Esther L. Mollel, Peter L. Msoffe & Amandus P. Muhairwa, Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA, Muhammed Walugembe, Susan J. Lamont & Jack Dekkers, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA, You can also search for this author in A flock of 389 FRLCs (324 females and 65 males) of the three ecotypes were randomly collected from village households in four regions of Tanzania (Tanga, Morogoro, Singida, and Mwanza regions) and were used to establish a breeding parent stock. In northern Tanzania, elephants sampled from the … Treatment for coccidiosis was performed as needed to control outbreaks in the flock. California Privacy Statement, They can be produced with minimal resources, such as shelter, feed, and veterinary services. a, b and c are Ching’wekwe, Morogoro-medium and Kuchi chicken ecotypes respectively. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 2016, 22(1). Section cuts (3 X 3 mm) using a scalpel blade were made in the cards for each chicken. World Poultry. Google Scholar. Chapter Three is about age and sex profile of the Tanzanian population. A hierarchical STRUCTURE analysis of our genetic data indeed identified two metapopulations divided by the Rift. There are several methods used to characterize animals ranging from linear measurement of morphological traits to the use of molecular techniques [12]. Msoffe PL, Minga UM, Olsen JE, Yongolo MG, Juul-Madsen HR, Gwakisa PS, Mtambo MM. Overall, males had higher mean measurements across the ecotypes. Corridor (SNWC) in southern Tanzania as a conservation area and biological corridor for wildlife, principally the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and other key wildlife species. Find out what statistics the population of the country, city, district on All-populations.com. The index measures the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by age 18, given the risks of poor health and poor education that prevail in the country where she lives. Genetic analyses of Tanzanian local chicken ecotypes challenged with Newcastle disease virus. Oka T, Ino Y, Nomura K, Kawashima S, Kuwayama T, Hanasa H, Amano T, Takada M, Takahata N, Hayashi Y, Akishinonomiva F. Analysis of mtDNA sequences shows Japanese native chickens have multiple origins. genetic structure and gene flow of African savanna elephants in Tanzania using mi-crosatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers in 688 individuals sampled in 2015 and 2017. miles). Tanzania has a young population. The 2019 population density in Tanzania is 65 people per Km 2 (170 people per mi 2), calculated on a total land area of 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq. For instance, morphological measurements have been used to characterize and compare various poultry breeds [13, 14] and microsatellites have been used to determine the origin of African chickens [15,16,17]. This statistic shows the total population of Tanzania from 2015 to 2025. Afr J Biotechnol. Results of the measurable phenotypic features used in this study could place the chickens into three suggestive ecotypes as they are known from their places of origin suggesting that phenotypic measurable features observed in mature FRLC may be used to complement other methods for identification of chicken ecotypes, especially among the three ecotypes used in this study. Accessed 25 March 2020. 2015;4:7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342193/#. Largest Cities in Tanzania Forty four (44) percent of the population is aged below 15 years, and Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Gigascience. [17] working with chickens in an extensive husbandry system where Kuchi weighed more than the other FRLC types. The index measures the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by age 18, given the risks of poor health and poor education that prevail in the country where she lives. At this rate Tanzania’s population is projected to reach 70.1 million in 2025.The high rate of population growth is driven by persistently high level of fertility, reduced mortality and low international net migration. The extreme measurements seen with some individual birds might be a result of random mating in the extensive free-ranging system that leads to admixtures of genotypes and that might have produced the intermediary traits observed in these individuals. Drobney RD. The admixture analysis for the genetic population structure of the selected Tanzanian FRLC using SNP genotypes indicated evidence of admixture among the FRLC ecotypes (Fig. Hosny FA: The structure and importance of the commercial and village-based poultry system in Egypt 1 39 poultry sector country review food and agricultural Organization of the United Nations), FAO Rome, 2006. http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/228579/poultrysector_egy_en.pdf. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/8/swai19104.htm. Cold Spring Harb Protoc NY. Further, it aimed to enhance understanding of the population structure of the selected FRLC ecotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic markers. … The Tanzania Population Pyramid displays age, sex and population data for 100 years. King C and Stanfield WD: Dictionary of genetics. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. As a result, they serve as important sources of animal protein and household income, especially for resource-poor marginalized rural communities. 13; 1986. p. 284–92. Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana. 4) [28]. Information generated through this study will inform on selection programs to improve FRLC production in Tanzania. The under-15 age group represented 44.1 per cent of the population. With this growth, the population of Tanzania Mainland will double in the next 26 years. Part of 1998;10 http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd10/3/sene103.htm. [34] where briefly, SNPs with closest ancestry were determined using varying values of k (sub-populations) ranging from 1 to 4 and the final k value (k = 2) was determined based on the lowest cross-validation error. Author information: (1)Department of Genetics, … World’s Poultry Sci J. 5) [32]. Individual variation in the measurements within ecotypes with overlap of extreme values between ecotypes was observed, making it difficult to predict a chicken’s ecotype. Google Scholar. 1998;14(10):14–7. Phenotypic variability and population structure analysis of Tanzanian free-range local chickens. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. [34]. The comparative susceptibility of commercial and Nigerian indigenous chicken ecotypes to Salmonella gallinarum infection. Ching = Ching’wekwe, MoroMid = Morogoro-medium, Kuchi = Kuchi (Source- Walugembe et al., 2019). Int J Poult Sci. The population structure analysis using admixture analysis placed the three selected FRLC ecotypes into strata of two populations instead of three ecotypes as initially perceived from the phenotypic study. Least square means (LSmeans) of the body measurements along with their standard errors (±SE) are shown in Table 2. The structure and dynamics of population in Tanzania have several implications on development. For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment can lead to unrest. Diseases as a major constraint to chicken production in Tanzania. Source: CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on Friday, November 27, 2020. This study aimed to phenotypically characterize three Tanzanian FRLCs and to determine their population structure.