völkermord herero bundestag

According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907. In 1903 the Herero learned of a plan to divide their territory with a railway line and set up reservations where they would be concentrated. [90], There are accusations of Herero women being coerced into sex slavery as a means of survival. [34]:56, Trotha gave orders that captured Herero males were to be executed, while women and children were to be driven into the desert where their death from starvation and thirst was to be certain; Trotha argued that there was no need to make exceptions for Herero women and children, since these would "infect German troops with their diseases", the insurrection Trotha explained "is and remains the beginning of a racial struggle". [127][128], According to Benjamin Madley, the German experience in South West Africa was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide. Scharfer Protest der Türkei gegen Völkermord-Resolution des Bundestags, Die Welt 2016-06-02. In an interview with Percival Griffith, "an accountant of profession, who owing to hard times, took up on transport work at Angra Pequena, Lüderitz", related his experiences. Deutschen Bundestages, Herbst 1918: Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik, Unterausschuss Auswärtige Kultur- und Bildungspolitik, Unterausschuss für Zivile Krisenprävention, Bau, Wohnen, Stadtentwicklung und Kommunen, Bildung, Forschung und Technikfolgenabschätzung, Unterausschuss Bürgerschaftliches Engagement, Unterausschuss zu Fragen der Europäischen Union, Kuratorium der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Programm „Parlamentarier schützen Parlamentarier“, Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit, 1. This time, Dietrich was found guilty of manslaughter and imprisoned.[42]. The court acquitted him, alleging that Dietrich was suffering from "tropical fever" and temporary insanity. During summer this year, President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert for the first time called the massacres “genocide”. Wolf-Thilo von Trotha said, We, the von Trotha family, are deeply ashamed of the terrible events that took place 100 years ago. The Bondelzwarts engaged in a firefight with the German authorities which led to three Germans killed and a fourth wounded. [1], Newspapers reported 65,000 victims when announcing that Germany recognized the genocide in 2004. The Kaiser took it as a personal insult from a people he viewed as racially inferior, all the more because of his obsession with the "Yellow Peril". Boten sollen nach Aussage der finnischen Missionare dringende Aufforderungen der Hererokapitäne an die Häuptlinge des ihnen verwandten Volkes überbracht haben. The Herero language, while limited in its vocabulary for most areas, contained over a thousand words for the colours and markings of cattle. In the harbour lies Shark Island, which then was connected to the mainland only by a small causeway. [56]:606 According to Professor Mahmood Mamdani from Columbia University, opposition to the policy of annihilation was largely the consequence of the fact that colonial officials looked at the Herero people as a potential source of labour, and thus economically important. „Die gezielten Massaker widersprachen auch damals schon elementaren Prinzipien von Recht und Moral, und deshalb ist die Bezeichnung Völkermord sehr wohl angebracht“, sagte Rebmann. [59] The bloodthirsty language that Wilhelm II used about the Herero in 1904 was strikingly similar to the language he used against the Chinese in 1900. He pointed out that international law requiring reparation did not exist in 1907, but he undertook to take the Herero petition back to the German government. [49][50], A Herero warrior interviewed by German authorities in 1895 had described his people's traditional way of dealing with suspected cattle rustlers, a treatment which, during the uprising, was regularly extended to German soldiers and civilians, "We came across a few Khoisan whom of course we killed. [23]:22, In 1883, Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz, a German merchant, purchased a stretch of coast near the Angra Pequena bay from the reigning chief. [15] In July 2015, the German government and the speaker of the Bundestag officially called the events a "genocide". And finally we cut his throat. Armenien völkermord lüge. [63] Regardless of if a written order was given or not, historian Jeremy-Sarkin Hughes believes that the Kaiser had given Trotha verbal orders. [32]:57, Theodor Leutwein later wrote, "The Hereros from early years were a freedom-loving people, courageous and proud beyond measure. Wenn das Volk dies nicht tut, so werde ich es mit dem Groot Rohr dazu zwingen. [74], This proclamation is to be read to the troops at roll-call, with the addition that the unit that catches a captain will also receive the appropriate reward, and that the shooting at women and children is to be understood as shooting above their heads, so as to force them to run [away]. The killing of the Herero woman, he claimed, was an unfortunate accident. Halfway to Dietrich's destination, a wagon carrying the son of a Herero chief, his wife, and their son stopped by. [45]:132, 133 Bridgman writes about racial tensions underlying these developments; the average German colonist viewed native Africans as a lowly source of cheap labour, and others welcomed their extermination. Jahrhundert. This will be possible if the water-holes from Grootfontein to Gobabis are occupied. März 2016, mit den Stimmen der Fraktionen von CDU/CSU und SPD gegen die Vorlage, die Fraktion der Grünen enthielt sich. Armenian Genocide recognition is the formal acceptance that the systematic massacres and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, during and after the First World War, constituted genocide.Most historians outside of Turkey recognize that the Ottoman persecution of Armenians was a genocide. Im Streit über Deutschlands Verantwortung für den Völkermord an den Herero und Nama in Namibia steht eine Einigung bevor. [66]:12[93], Trotha was opposed to contact between natives and settlers, believing that the insurrection was "the beginning of a racial struggle" and fearing that the colonists would be infected by native diseases. Meanwhile, Leutwein was subordinate to the Colonial Department of the Prussian Foreign Office, which reported to Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow while General Trotha reported to the military German General Staff, which was only subordinate to Emperor Wilhelm II. [16][17] Despite this, the last batch of skulls and other remains of slaughtered tribesmen which were taken to Germany to promote racial superiority were taken back to Namibia in 2018, with Petra Bosse-Huber, a German Protestant bishop, describing the event as "the first genocide of the 20th century".[18][19]. On the one hand, there was the progressive extension of German rule over them, and on the other their own sufferings increasing from year to year. Die Linksfraktion hatte die Bundesregierung aufgefordert, der sich aus der deutschen Schuld für den „Völkermord in der ehemaligen Kolonie Deutsch-Südwestafrika“ ergebenden politischen und moralischen Verantwortung und Verpflichtung nachzukommen. [34]:88 The Reiterdenkmal (English: Equestrian Monument) in Windhoek was erected in 1912 to celebrate the victory and to remember the fallen German soldiers and civilians. [121], On 11 August 2020, following negotiations over a potential compensation agreement between Germany and Namibia, President Hage Geingob of Namibia stated that the German government's offer was "not acceptable", while German envoy Ruprecht Polenz said he was "still optimistic that a solution can be found. During the war, a number of people from the Cape (in modern-day South Africa) sought employment as transport riders for German troops in Namibia. [97], Experiments on live prisoners were performed by Dr. Bofinger, who injected Herero that were suffering from scurvy with various substances including arsenic and opium; afterwards he researched the effects of these substances via autopsy. Ein gemeinsamer Beschluss des Bundestages müsse zum Beispiel darstellen, wie ein würdiger Rahmen für die formelle Anerkennung der Schuld aussehen und wie eine offizielle Entschuldigung stattfinden würde. Herero und Nama - Deutschlands erster Völkermord. After the battle all men, women, and children who fell into German hands, wounded or otherwise, were mercilessly put to death. „Der Deutsche Bundestag erkennt die schwere Schuld an, die deutsche Kolonialtruppen mit den Verbrechen an den Herero, Nama, Damara und San auf sich geladen haben und betont, wie Historiker seit langem belegt haben, dass der Vernichtungskrieg in Namibia von 1904 – 1908 ein Kriegsverbrechen und Völkermord war. [43] The Herero had already ceded over a quarter of their 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi) to German colonists by 1903,[32]:60 before the Otavi railway line running from the African coast to inland German settlements was completed. Titel. No pains, no sacrifices were spared in eliminating the last remnants of enemy resistance. In August, German General Lothar von Trotha defeated the Ovaherero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of dehydration. [126] It is argued that the Herero genocide set a precedent in Imperial Germany that would later be followed by Nazi Germany's establishment of death camps. Die Linke, die Grünen und die SPD, die sich in früheren Anträgen im Bundestag für die offizielle Anerkennung des Völkermordes an den Herero und Nama eingesetzt haben, müssen jetzt die Anerkennung mit ihrer faktischen Parlamentsmehrheit durchsetzen. Stefan Fischer: Bundestag zu Herero-Krieg: War es Völkermord?, AZ Online, 22.03.2012; Radio Dreyeckland im Interview mit Rolf-Henning Hintze: "Ein kleines Wunder" - Antrag im Bundestag zur Anerkennung des Völkermords in Deutsch-Südwestafrika, 20.03.2012 There are hundreds of them, mostly women and children and a few old men ... when they fall they are sjamboked by the soldiers in charge of the gang, with full force, until they get up ... On one occasion I saw a woman carrying a child of under a year old slung at her back, and with a heavy sack of grain on her head ... she fell. [83], Many Herero died later of disease, exhaustion, and malnutrition. Der Bundestag hat am Donnerstag, 21.März 2019, einen Antrag der Fraktion Die Linke abgelehnt, mit dem sich diese für einen Fonds für die indigenen Bevölkerungsgruppen der Herero und Nama in Namibia einsetzt. Such are my words to the Herero people. Er geschah während des Ersten Weltkrieges unter Verantwortung der jungtürkischen, vom Komitee für Einheit und Fortschritt gebildeten Regierung des Osmanischen Reichs.Bei Massakern und Todesmärschen, die im Wesentlichen in den Jahren 1915 und 1916 … Then the Germans set off in pursuit of the rest, and all those found by the wayside and in the sandveld were shot down and bayoneted to death. Upon their return to the Cape, some of these people recounted their stories, including those of the imprisonment and genocide of the Herero and Nama people. However, it has refused to consider reparations. Völkermord verjährt nicht. Focusing on a written statement by General Trotha which is translated as: I destroy the African tribes with streams of blood ... Only following this cleansing can something new emerge, which will remain. Innerhalb der Deutschen Grenzen wird jeder Herero mit und ohne Gewehr, mit oder ohne Vieh erschossen, ich nehme keine Weiber oder Kinder mehr auf, treibe sie zu ihrem Volke zurück, oder lasse auf sie schießen. Herzog expressed regret but stopped short of an apology. [118], Peter Katjavivi, a former Namibian ambassador to Germany, demanded in August 2008 that the skulls of Herero and Nama prisoners of the 1904–1908 uprising, which were taken to Germany for scientific research to claim the superiority of white Europeans over Africans, be returned to Namibia. Dies hätte bedeutet, dass es heute keine Debatte im Bundestag geben würde, argumentierte Movassat. Benjamin Madley (2005) "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe", Madley, p. 446: "Colonial Namibia's death camp at Shark Island was different from Spanish and British concentration camps in that it was operated for the purpose of destroying human life. Die Diskussionen um den Begriff „Völkermord“ sind auch von Relevanz für die Anerkennung des Genozids an den Herero und Nama, der als erster Völkermord des 20.Jahrhunderts … This treaty was renounced in 1888 due to lack of German support against Witbooi but it was reinstated in 1890. Die Herero gedenken der Opfer alljährlich durch den Hererotag und die Witboois mit dem bei Gibeon abgehaltenen Heroes Day. [86] Fischer later became chancellor of the University of Berlin, where he taught medicine to Nazi physicians. „Ich würde mich schon freuen, wenn wir von der Koalition ein Zeichen bekommen würden, dass sie bereit ist, einen Antrag vorzulegen, den wir dann gemeinsam gestalten.“, Kekeritz machte zudem deutlich, dass es nicht bei der Entschuldigungsgeste der damaligen Entwicklungsministerin Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) im Jahre 2004 in Namibia bleiben könne. 11. Regarding the care and protection of their herds, the Herero showed themselves utterly merciless, and far more 'savage' than the Khoisan had ever been. [116], She ruled out paying special compensations, but promised continued economic aid for Namibia which in 2004 amounted to $14M a year. April 2015 berät der Deutsche Bundestag Anträge aller Fraktionen. The camp was placed on the far end of the relatively small island, where the prisoners would have suffered complete exposure to the strong winds that sweep Lüderitz for most of the year. I shall give the order to drive them away and fire on them. [88]:89, About 19,000 German troops were engaged in the conflict, of which 3,000 saw combat. Bundestag printed papers 17/9033 (new) and 17/8767. The resolution in the lower house of the German parliament, the Bundestag… I must really call it a blood thirst against the Hereros. Governor Leutwein, later relieved of his duties, complained to Chancellor von Bülow about Trotha's actions, seeing the general's orders as intruding upon the civilian colonial jurisdiction and ruining any chance of a political settlement. In 1985, the United Nations' Whitaker Report classified the massacres as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of South West Africa, and therefore one of the earliest cases of genocide in the 20th century. The constant movement of our troops will enable us to find the small groups of this nation who have moved backwards and destroy them gradually. As exhausted Herero fell to the ground, unable to go on, German soldiers killed men, women, and children. [68] To prevent them from returning, Trotha ordered the desert to be sealed off. [20], The Hereros were a pastoral people whose entire way of life centered on their cattle. I assume absolutely that this proclamation will result in taking no more male prisoners, but will not degenerate into atrocities against women and children. „ Die Anerkennung von Schuld duldet keine Parteigrenzen“, sagte Kekeritz. „Den Herero und Nama wurde damals alles genommen.“. [113][114] Germany seeks to rely on its state immunity as implemented in US law as the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, arguing that, as a sovereign nation, it cannot be sued in US courts in relation to its acts outside the United States.[115]. It is also known that throughout the genocide Trotha remained in regular contact with both the General Staff and with the Kaiser. To correct this growing problem, Governor Leutwein decreed with good intentions that all debts not paid within the next year would be voided. Medical experiments and scientific racism, Link between the Herero genocide and the Holocaust. Der Genozid an den Armeniern – die Schweiz und die Shoah. [19][18] This was the third such transfer, and shortly before it occurred, German Protestant bishop Petra Bosse-Huber stated “Today, we want to do what should have been done many years ago – to give back to their descendents the remains of people who became victims of the first genocide of the 20th century.”[18][19], As part of the repatriation process, the German government announced on 17 May 2019 that it would return a stone symbol it took from Namibia in the 1900s. [76][77], Alfred von Schlieffen (Chief of the Imperial German General Staff) approved of Trotha's intentions in terms of a "racial struggle" and the need to "wipe out the entire nation or to drive them out of the country", but had doubts about his strategy, preferring their surrender.[78]. [56]:605 Trotha, however, planned to crush the native resistance through military force. "[54], According to Robert Gaudi, "The Germans suffered more than defeat in the early months of 1904; they suffered humiliation, their brilliant modern army unable to defeat a rabble of 'half-naked savages.' In 1915, at the start of World War I, the German colony was taken over and occupied in the South West Africa Campaign by the Union of South Africa, acting on behalf of the British Imperial Government. Shootings, hangings, beatings, and other harsh treatment of the forced labourers (including use of sjamboks) were common. [34]:76[89] A 28 September 1905 article in the South African newspaper Cape Argus detailed some of the abuse with the heading: "In German S. W. Africa: Further Startling Allegations: Horrible Cruelty". 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The arid Omaheke [desert] was to complete what the German army had begun: the extermination of the Herero nation. Nach Deutschlands Drängen auf Anerkennung des Völkermords an den Armeniern durch die Türkei erwarten sie auch eine Entschuldigung für den Völkermord an den Herero und Nama. They were just trying to get away with their cattle. „Es braucht endlich einen klaren Beschluss des Bundestages und eine würdige Geste der Bundesregierung.“ Es gehe darüber hinaus konkret um Wiedergutmachung. [71], On 2 October, Trotha issued a warning to the Herero:[DE 1], I, the great general of the German soldiers, send this letter to the Herero. He alleged that he awoke thinking the camp was under attack and fired blindly into the darkness. Agricultural duties, which were minimal, were assigned to enslaved Khoisan and Bushmen. [32]:60, A new policy on debt collection, enforced in November 1903, also played a role in the uprising. Züri: Chronos Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-905312-40-9. Innerhalb der Deutschen Grenze wird jeder Herero mit und ohne Gewehr, mit oder ohne Vieh erschossen, ich nehme keine Weiber und Kinder mehr auf, treibe sie zu ihrem Volke zurück oder lasse auf sie schießen. This fostered a feeling of resentment towards the Germans on the part of the Herero people, which escalated to hopelessness when they saw that German officials were sympathetic to the moneylenders who were about to lose what they were owed. Oktober 1904, Samuel Totten,Paul Robert Bartrop,Steven L. Jacobs (2007), Wolfram Hartmann, Jeremy Silvester, Patricia Hayes (1999), Jan-Bart Gewald, Jeremy Silvester (1 June 2003). Fred Cornell, an aspiring British diamond prospector, was in Lüderitz when the Shark Island concentration camp was being used. [44]:230 Completion of this line would have made the German colonies much more accessible and would have ushered a new wave of Europeans into the area. Kolonialverbrechen & Völkermord - Eine Antwort auf Aleida Assmann und das Weltoffen-Papier Kein Vergessen der deutschen Kolonialverbrechen! The Hereros were content to live in peace as long as their cattle were safe and well-pastured, but became formidable warriors when their cattles were threatened. He argues that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany. Maharero then issued a manifesto in which he forbade his troops to kill any Englishmen, Boers, uninvolved peoples, women and children in general, or German missionaries. One hears nothing but talk of 'cleaning up,' 'executing,' 'shooting down to the last man,' no pardon,' etc. [56]:606, Benjamin Madley argues that although Shark Island is referred to as a concentration camp, it functioned as an extermination camp or death camp. [39], That night, however, Dietrich got very drunk and after everyone was asleep, he attempted to rape the wife of the Chief's son. [62] Despite this, surviving documents indicate the tactics used by Trotha were the same tactics that he had used in China, only on a vaster scale. Thus, it served as a rough model for later Nazi, Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks, Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War, Genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Minister for Economic Development and Cooperation, medical procedures which were later followed during the Nazi Holocaust, Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive, "Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide", "Why Namibian chiefs are taking Germany to court", germany confronts forgotten story of its other genocide, "German Official Says Namibia Herero Killings Were 'Genocide' and Part of 'Race War, "Deutsche Kolonialverbrechen: Bundesregierung nennt Herero-Massaker erstmals "Völkermord, "Germany returns skulls from colonial-era massacre to Namibia", "Germany returns Namibia genocide skulls", "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Maharero", "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Samuel Maharero", "A bloody history: Namibia's colonisation", "Fort Namutoni: From Military Stronghold to Tourist Camp", "Schutztruppe German South West Africa Fort Namutoni Northern Outpost Schutztruppe", Der Einsatz der Telegraphie im Krieg gegen Afrikaner, "Repatriation of Skulls from Namibia University of Freiburg hands over human remains in ceremony", UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10, "German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia", "Erzberger and the German Colonial Scandals", "Its Past on Its Sleeve, Tribe Seeks Bonn's Apology", Germany is sued in U.S. over early-1900s Namibia slaughter, "Jurisdictional Immunities in the New York Southern District Court? Jahrelanger Druck der zivilgesellschaftlichen Gruppen führt immer zu Stellungnahmen von Politiker*innen und politischen Initiativen, den Völkermord an den OvaHerero und Nama endlich anzuerkennen. Over the next decade, the land and the cattle that were essential to Herero and Nama lifestyles passed into the hands of German settlers arriving in South West Africa. "[38], In January 1903, "a sex-starved German trader" named Dietrich was walking from his homestead to the nearby town of Omaruru to buy a new horse. A portion of the Herero escaped the Germans and went to the Omaheke Desert, hoping to reach British Bechuanaland; fewer than 1,000 Herero managed to reach Bechuanaland, where they were granted asylum by the British authorities. She did not utter a sound the whole time, but the baby cried very hard.[90]. Because of their dominant ways and elegant bearing, the few Europeans who encountered Herero tribesmen in the early days regarded them as the region's 'natural aristocrats. The Herero seized vast swaths of the arable upper plateaus which were ideal for cattle grazing. Movassat bedauerte, dass die Koalition bisher keinen Antrag als Grundlage für einen fraktionsübergreifenden Beschluss vorgelegt habe. This translates the original German: "Andererseits konnte ich mir die Opfer des Krieges zu nutze machen und frischen Leichen von Eingeborenen Teile entnehmen, die das Studium des lebenden Körpers (gefangene Hottentotten [Nama] standen mir häufig zu Gebote) willkommen ergänzten."
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