And yet it is not allowed; and now indeed in our times, and after the usage of Rome (nostris quidem iam temporibus ac more Romano), neither to marry in addition, so as to have more than one wife living." Find another word for marriage. Other forms of marriage are also present, like group marriage and monogamous marriage. Polygamy (called plural marriage by Mormons in the 19th century or the Principle by modern fundamentalist practitioners of polygamy) was practiced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for more than half of the 19th century, and practiced publicly from 1852 to 1890 by between 20 and 30 … A polygamist is someone who practises polygamy. The verse also emphasizes on transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says: Also (prohibited are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess: Thus hath Allah ordained (Prohibitions) against you: Except for these, all others are lawful, provided ye seek (them in marriage) with gifts from your property,- desiring chastity, not lust, seeing that ye derive benefit from them, give them their dowers (at least) as prescribed; but if, after a dower is prescribed, agree Mutually (to vary it), there is no blame on you, and Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. [79] Despite Smith's revelation, the 1835 edition of the 101st Section of the Doctrine and Covenants, written after the doctrine of plural marriage began to be practiced, publicly condemned polygamy. Goody, Jack. "[137] The BT during a discussion of Levirate marriage in Yevamot 65a appears to repeat the precedent found in Exodus 21:10: "Raba said: a man may marry wives in addition to the first wife; provided only that he possesses the means to maintain them". The Community of Christ, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) prior to 2001, has never sanctioned polygamy since its foundation in 1860. He was content with one or two wives for himself, and disapproved of having many children, saying: to have many children is fitting for the populace, but kings and nobles take pride in the smallness of their families, It was also written about in the 4th century CE by the Roman soldier and historian Ammianus Marcellinus, writing about Zoroastrian communities.[158]. [131] Despite these nuances to the biblical perspective on polygamy, many important figures had more than one wife, such as in the instances of Esau (Gen 26:34; 28:6-9),[128] Jacob (Gen 29:15-28),[128] Elkanah (1 Samuel 1:1-8),[128] David (1 Samuel 25:39-44; 2 Samuel 3:2-5; 5:13-16),[128] and Solomon (1 Kings 11:1-3). In such cases, the deceased man's heir may inherit his assets and wife; or, more usually, his brothers may marry the widow. Scientific studies classify the human mating system as primarily monogamous, with the cultural practice of polygamy in the minority, based both on surveys of world populations,[8][9] and on characteristics of human reproductive physiology. This favours polygamous marriages in which men seek to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers". The Conference upholds monogamy as God's plan, as the idea of relationship of love between husband and wife; nevertheless recommends that a polygamist who responds to the Gospel and wishes to join the Anglican Church may be baptized and confirmed with his believing wives and children on the following conditions: In accordance with what Joseph Smith indicated was a revelation, the practice of plural marriage, the marriage of one man to two or more women, was instituted among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the early 1840s. [42] The term does not refer to bigamy as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made. Even while allowing polygamy, the Bible presents monogamy as the plan that conforms most closely to God’s ideal for marriage. [138] The Jewish Codices began a process of restricting polygamy in Judaism. "[64], As tribal populations grew, fertility was no longer a valid justification of polygamy: it "was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce (utrum et nunc fas sit, non temere dixerim). Instead, each one is entitled to her own household".[139]. [133] Michael Coogan, in contrast, states that "Polygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE". [38], According to Danish scholar Miriam K. Zeitzen, anthropologists treat serial monogamy, in which divorce and remarriage occur, as a form of polygamy as it also can establish a series of households that may continue to be tied by shared paternity and shared income. For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the bride price for an extra wife. The Bible says that God’s original intention was for one man to be married to only one woman: “For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife [not wives], … [Conjugal] communion is radically contradicted by polygamy; this, in fact, directly negates the plan of God that was revealed from the beginning, because it is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive. Stanley Kurtz, a conservative fellow at the Hudson Institute, rejects the decriminalization and legalization of polygamy. [151][152], There is limited information about polygamy in Zoroastrian tradition. Many people who believe in group marriage may create civil contracts and other legally binding business arrangements that specify the type and extent of financial commitments within the marriage, or even form a legal corporation that defines the marriage. Among other things, the 51-article bill would ban virginity certificates and crack down on polygamy and forced marriage, practices not formally attached to a religion. However, same-sex marriage may instigate new forms of polygamy. In a written answer to the House of Commons, "In Great Britain, polygamy is only recognized as valid in law in circumstances where the marriage ceremony has been performed in a country whose laws permit polygamy and the parties to the marriage were domiciled there at the time. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. By 1910 the LDS Church excommunicated those who entered into, or performed, new plural marriages. On the contrary, he argued that the polygamy of the Fathers, which was tolerated by the Creator because of fertility, was a diversion from His original plan for human marriage. [60] Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." He says that Britons may have ex‑wives or ex‑brothers‑in‑law, but not an ex‑child. This is because, as explained above, the amounts which may be paid in respect of additional spouses are lower than those which generally apply to single claimants." [43], Buddhism does not regard marriage as a sacrament - it is purely a secular affair, and normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests and monks do marry). [153] However, tradition holds that Zoroaster had three wives. [143] Ashkenazi Jews have continued to follow Rabbenu Gershom's ban since the 11th century. Utah is the only state where it is a civil infraction rather than a crime as of 2020. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there has often been tension between the Christian insistence on monogamy and traditional polygamy. [130], The Torah may distinguish concubines and "sub-standard" wives with the prefix "to" (e.g., lit. [109], The Hindu Marriage Act was enacted in 1955 by the Indian Parliament and made polygamy illegal for everyone in India except for Muslims. "Polyamory", in Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan, eds., Three nights public discussion between the Revds. The Roman Catholic Church condemns polygamy; the Catechism of the Catholic Church lists it in paragraph 2387 under the head "Other offenses against the dignity of marriage" and states that it "is not in accord with the moral law." 24 Believing these laws to be unjust, Latter-day Saints engaged in civil disobedience by continuing to practice plural marriage and by attempting to avoid … When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. However, many members of the Community of Christ and some of the groups that were formerly associated with it are not convinced that Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage and feel that the evidence that he did is flawed. Polygamy is contrary to conjugal love which is undivided and exclusive. [121][122][123][124], Countries that allow polygyny typically also require a man to obtain permission from his previous wives before marrying another, and require the man to prove that he can financially support multiple wives. The term polygamy is often used as a synonym for polygyny, which appears once to have been fairly common worldwide. Myanmar outlawed polygyny from 2015. C. W. Cleeve, James Robertson, and Philip Cater, and Elder John Taylor, Of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, At Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France. The Parabhava Sutta states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". [164] In Canada, the federal Criminal Code applies throughout the country. Among Karaite Jews, who do not adhere to rabbinic interpretations of the Torah, polygamy is almost non-existent today. [37] A similar form of matrilineal, de facto polyandry can be found in the institution of walking marriage among the Mosuo tribe of China. [51] Some modern Celtic pagan religions accept the practice of polygamy to varying degrees,[52] though how widespread the practice is within these religions is unknown. There is currently no official statistics data on cohabiting polygamous couples who have arranged marriage in religious ceremonies.[173]. Augustine wrote: "That the good purpose of marriage, however, is better promoted by one husband with one wife, than by a husband with several wives, is shown plainly enough by the very first union of a married pair, which was made by the Divine Being Himself. [87] In 1862, Congress issued the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act which clarified that the practice of polygamy was illegal in all US territories. No. Anti-Mormon sentiment waned, as did opposition to statehood for Utah. [169], Bigamy is illegal in the United Kingdom. In most Muslim-majority countries, polygyny is legal with Kuwait being the only one where no restrictions are imposed on it. However polygamy may still occur in non-European Jewish communities that exist in countries where it is not forbidden, such as Jewish communities in Iran and Morocco. Despite its existence, it was most usually practiced by men of higher status. [63] Augustine relates to that: "On this account there is no True God of souls, save One: but one soul by means of many false gods may commit fornication, but not be made fruitful. The key plank of the Republican Party's 1856 platform was "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery". [154][155] Polygamy appears to have been a right of spiritual dignitaries and aristocrats. Although I have heard from him the opposite and even now he always tells me this never happened. Further details may exist on the, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), For the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actual polygamous forms as valid, see, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalder2009 (. Polygyny offers husbands the benefit of allowing them to have more children, may provide them with a larger number of productive workers (where workers are family), and allows them to establish politically useful ties with a greater number of kin groups. Polygamist churches of Mormon origin are often referred to as "Mormon fundamentalist" even though they are not a part of the LDS Church. Also in paragraph 1645 under the head "The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love" states "The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. [178][179], In an October 2004 op-ed for USA Today, George Washington University law professor Jonathan Turley argued that, as a simple matter of equal treatment under the law, polygamy ought to be legal. [48] In some areas this continued even after Christianization began, for instance the Brehon Laws of Gaelic Ireland explicitly allowed for polygamy,[49] [50] especially amongst the noble class. The rabbinical era that began with the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE saw a continuation of some degree of legal acceptance for polygamy. According to him, these "unclear families" do not fit the mold of the monogamous nuclear family. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/polygamy-marriage, British Broadcasting Corporation - Polygamy, How Stuff Works - People - How Polygamy Works, Jewish Virtual Library - Bigamy and Polygamy. widows). [15][16][17], Polygyny is more widespread in Africa than on any other continent,[18][19] especially in West Africa, and some scholars see the slave trade's impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa. [73], The illegality of polygamy in certain areas creates, according to certain Bible passages, additional arguments against it. After the U.S. Supreme Court found the anti-polygamy laws to be constitutional in 1879, federal officials began prosecuting polygamous husbands and wives during the 1880s. However, same-sex marriage may instigate new forms of polygamy. idolatry to fornication. In: (Linda Stone, Kinship and Gender, 2006, Westview, 3rd ed, ch 6), Goldstein, Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited, Ethnology. "The Jewish Family: Metaphor and Memory", Neither bigamy, nor polygamy, nor cohabitation is listed as a crime or offence in the, Kurdish-controlled areas criminalize polygamy, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage, Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Legality of polygamy in the United States, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Critical reflections on polygamy in the African Christian context".
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